{"id":5739,"date":"2025-01-07T13:49:32","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T13:49:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/?p=5739"},"modified":"2025-01-07T13:53:03","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T13:53:03","slug":"science-technologie-et-capitalisme-chez-marx-un-extrait-de-amy-e-wendling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/science-technologie-et-capitalisme-chez-marx-un-extrait-de-amy-e-wendling\/","title":{"rendered":"Science, technologie et Capitalisme chez Marx, un extrait de Amy E Wendling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5716 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/fda3e41f7a5ba572-199x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/fda3e41f7a5ba572-199x300.png 199w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/fda3e41f7a5ba572.png 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/>J&rsquo;attaquais pas plus tard qu&rsquo;hier soir le livre de Amy Wendling, <em>Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation<\/em>, Basingstoke:<br \/>\nPalgrave Macmillan, 2009 (j&rsquo;ai vraiment appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 son petit ouvrage hyper stimulant, <em>The Ruling Ideas: Bourgeois Political Concepts<\/em> (2012) que j&rsquo;ai termin\u00e9 ce week-end, et dont j&rsquo;ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit un mot ici :<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"l18oP51eSG\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/le-temps-du-regime-capitaliste-un-texte-de-amy-e-wendling\/\">Le temps du r\u00e9gime capitaliste (un texte de Amy E. Wendling)<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"\u00ab\u00a0Le temps du r\u00e9gime capitaliste (un texte de Amy E. Wendling)\u00a0\u00bb &#8212; Outside Dana Hilliot\" src=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/le-temps-du-regime-capitaliste-un-texte-de-amy-e-wendling\/embed\/#?secret=HlGTfHptJt#?secret=l18oP51eSG\" data-secret=\"l18oP51eSG\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5741 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Capture-decran_2025-01-07_14-50-07-187x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"187\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Capture-decran_2025-01-07_14-50-07-187x300.png 187w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Capture-decran_2025-01-07_14-50-07-638x1024.png 638w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Capture-decran_2025-01-07_14-50-07.png 654w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\" \/>L&rsquo;introduction de son livre sur la technologie et l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation chez Marx (et au-del\u00e0) se termine sur ces paragraphes, qui pointe exactement sur cette distinction entre la science et la technologie au sens \u00ab\u00a0large\u00a0\u00bb et la science et la technologie au sens \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9troit\u00a0\u00bb, telles qu&rsquo;elles sont produites et mises au profit du capitalisme.<\/p>\n<p>Pour info, Amy E. Wendling est une philosophe marxiste vraiment hyper int\u00e9ressante, qui actualise Marx (notamment en tenant compte des perspectives contemporaines, comme le f\u00e9minisme ou l&rsquo;histoire r\u00e9cente am\u00e9ricaine, ou l&rsquo;histoire coloniale etc..). Son livre sur l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie bourgeoise est carr\u00e9ment d\u00e9capant (vraiment dommage qu&rsquo;elle n&rsquo;ait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 traduite en fran\u00e7ais, mais bon.. la liste est tellement longue d&rsquo;autrices et d&rsquo;auteurs qui ne sont malheureusement pas accessibles aux lectrices et lecteurs non-anglophones).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.creighton.edu\/campus-directory\/wendling-amy-e\">https:\/\/www.creighton.edu\/campus-directory\/wendling-amy-e<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">For Marx, science is neither positivist nor empirical because his notion of science was derived from Hegel\u2019s notion of Wissenschaft, and thus from Hegel\u2019s attention to the role of available concepts in shaping scienti\ufb01c inquiry. Historicizing Hegel, Marx offers a genealogy of the concepts used in scienti\ufb01c inquiry, and \ufb01nds these concepts to be shaped by the capitalist world.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">When Marx claimed that his own work Capital was a scienti\ufb01c work he meant it in two senses. Capital is scienti\ufb01c in a narrow sense, because it proves that the resource use of the capitalist system is unsustainable in quanti\ufb01able terms\u00a0: for example, the fall in the rate of pro\ufb01t argues that pro\ufb01t cannot sustain itself at increasingly high levels as the capitalist system continues to develop. But, more importantly, Capital is scienti\ufb01c in a broad sense, because it identi\ufb01es the concepts with which the capitalist world, including capitalist science, operates. These are the abstractions of the commodity, wage labor, value, the individualized homo economicus, the systems of exchange these constructs presuppose, and a medical physiology that assimilates humans, animals, and machines to a single model.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">Marx disagreed with the ultimate quanti\ufb01cation of the human experience operative in these concepts. Hence, he wished to use science, in the broad sense, to show the underpinnings of how science, in the narrow sense, operates in the capitalist world. He believes that this is better science, and that part of science\u2019s enlarged task is to account for the lineage of the concepts with which it operates. Science in the narrow sense has failed to account for its own conceptual presuppositions. As such, it suffers from an alienated epistemology. We see, in this idea from Marx, a theme that later will become pronounced in Thomas Kuhn\u2019s inter-disciplinary work on science, and Donna Haraway\u2019s twentieth-century feminist philosophy of science and technology.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">The broad and narrow meanings of science in Marx\u2019s work are coupled with analogous meanings of technology. Marx was one of the \ufb01rst modern thinkers to begin to understand technology as an abstract noun covering an abundance of devices, rather than simply understanding it as a referent for the class of objects called \u201cmachines.\u201d For Marx, there is technology in the narrow sense of its deployment within the capitalist world, and technology in the broader sense of a device that adds stature and power to human capacities. In a world dominated by exchange-value, humans and machines are interchangeable, and both are subject to an abstract calculation of their quanti\ufb01able value. In such a world, humans are less valuable than machines, because their energetic powers are paltry by comparison.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">In a world in which the priority of human persons has been reinstated in the expanded way envisioned by Marx, however, technology could never develop in this direction. It would instead develop in directions perhaps unimaginable to us today. Technology would actualize a modest material wealth, change and ameliorate the forms of human communication, and amplify human embodiment, but it would never produce the contradictions capitalism exacerbates. In these contradictions, workers are pitted against their own instruments of production, and the quest for a fair share of material resources and meaningful activity appears as strife between humans and machines.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">Thus, in his account of science and technology as well as his politics, we can chart the ambivalence in Marx\u2019s relationship to Enlightenment thought. Without question, Marx accepted Enlightenment notions of rationality and scienti\ufb01c and political progress as superior to earlier feudal notions. What Marx could not accept is limiting these notions\u2014including the forms of science, technology, and politics\u2014to the bourgeois conceptuality that produced them. In this form, individual liberation is pursued at the expense of society as a whole. Scienti\ufb01c rationality is developed for some at the expense of its development inothers, and science is delimited to a narrow methodology whose cultural shaping is left unexplored. Finally, technology is deployed for maximizing pro\ufb01t and value rather than for improving the material conditions of all.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">For Marx, a society is only as free as its most unfree member, and social health is measured by a communitarian standard rather than by the standard of the outstanding individuals a given society might pro-duce. Thus, the question is whether the Enlightenment\u2019s commitments to rationality and scienti\ufb01c, technological, and political progress can be maintained without the economic individual that is their central construct. Marx argued that they can, and in this way is both the last \ufb02ower of Enlightenment thought as well as its trenchant critic.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">Amy Wendling, <em>Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation<\/em>, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p.10-12.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\">***<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">For Marx, a society is only as free as its most unfree member, and social health is measured by a communitarian standard rather than by the standard of the outstanding individuals a given society might pro-duce. Thus, the question is whether the Enlightenment\u2019s commitments to rationality and scienti\ufb01c, technological, and political progress can be maintained without the economic individual that is their central construct. Marx argued that they can, and in this way is both the last \ufb02ower of Enlightenment thought as well as its trenchant critic.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Pour Marx, la science n\u2019est ni positiviste ni empirique parce que sa notion de science est d\u00e9riv\u00e9e de la notion de <i>Wissenschaft<\/i> de Hegel, et donc de l\u2019attention port\u00e9e par Hegel au r\u00f4le des concepts disponibles dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration de la recherche scientifique. Historisant Hegel, Marx propose une g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie des concepts utilis\u00e9s dans la recherche scientifique et constate que ces concepts sont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9s par le monde capitaliste.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Lorsque Marx affirme que son propre ouvrage, <i>Le Capital<\/i>, est une \u0153uvre scienti\ufb01que, il l\u2019entend dans deux sens. Le Capital est scienti\ufb01que au sens \u00e9troit du terme, parce qu\u2019il prouve en termes \u00ab\u00a0quanti\ufb01ables\u00a0\u00bb que l\u2019utilisation des ressources du syst\u00e8me capitaliste n\u2019est pas durable\u00a0: par exemple, la chute du taux de pro\ufb01t montre que le pro\ufb01t ne peut pas se maintenir \u00e0 des niveaux de plus en plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 mesure que le syst\u00e8me capitaliste continue \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper. Mais, plus important encore, le Capital est scienti\ufb01que au sens large, parce qu\u2019il identi\ufb01e les concepts avec lesquels le monde capitaliste, y compris la science capitaliste, fonctionne. Il s\u2019agit des abstractions de la marchandise, du travail salari\u00e9, de la valeur, de l\u2019<i>homo economicus<\/i> individualis\u00e9, des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9change que ces constructions pr\u00e9supposent, et d\u2019une physiologie m\u00e9dicale qui assimile les hommes, les animaux et les machines \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le unique.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Marx n\u2019est pas d\u2019accord avec la quantification ultime de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience humaine op\u00e9r\u00e9e dans ces concepts. C\u2019est pourquoi il souhaite utiliser la science, au sens large, pour montrer les fondements du fonctionnement de la science, au sens \u00e9troit, dans le monde capitaliste. Il estime qu\u2019il s\u2019agit l\u00e0 d\u2019une meilleure science et qu\u2019une partie de la t\u00e2che \u00e9largie de la science consiste \u00e0 rendre compte de la lign\u00e9e des concepts avec lesquels elle op\u00e8re. La science au sens strict n\u2019a pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 rendre compte de ses propres pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9s conceptuels. En tant que telle, elle souffre d\u2019une <i>\u00e9pist\u00e9mologie ali\u00e9n\u00e9e <\/i><i>(alienated epistemology)<\/i><i>.<\/i> Nous voyons, dans cette id\u00e9e de Marx, un th\u00e8me qui sera accentu\u00e9 plus tard dans le travail interdisciplinaire de Thomas Kuhn sur la science, et dans la philosophie f\u00e9ministe de la science et de la technologie du vingti\u00e8me si\u00e8cle de Donna Haraway.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Les significations larges et \u00e9troites de la science dans l\u2019\u0153uvre de Marx sont associ\u00e9es \u00e0 des significations analogues de la technologie. Marx a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019un des premiers penseurs modernes \u00e0 commencer \u00e0 comprendre la technologie comme un nom abstrait couvrant une abondance de dispositifs, plut\u00f4t que de la comprendre simplement comme un r\u00e9f\u00e9rent pour la classe d\u2019objets appel\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0machines\u00a0\u00bb. Pour Marx, il y a la technologie au sens \u00e9troit de son d\u00e9ploiement dans le monde capitaliste, et la technologie au sens plus large d\u2019un dispositif qui ajoute de la stature et de la puissance aux capacit\u00e9s humaines. Dans un monde domin\u00e9 par la valeur d\u2019\u00e9change, les hommes et les machines sont interchangeables et tous deux sont soumis \u00e0 un calcul abstrait de leur valeur quantifiable. Dans un tel monde, les humains ont moins de valeur que les machines, car leurs pouvoirs \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques sont d\u00e9risoires en comparaison.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Dans un monde o\u00f9 la priorit\u00e9 des personnes humaines est r\u00e9tablie de la mani\u00e8re \u00e9largie envisag\u00e9e par Marx, la technologie ne pourrait jamais se d\u00e9velopper dans cette direction. Elle se d\u00e9velopperait plut\u00f4t dans des directions peut-\u00eatre inimaginables pour nous aujourd\u2019hui. La technologie actualiserait une modeste richesse mat\u00e9rielle, changerait et am\u00e9liorerait les formes de communication humaine et amplifierait l\u2019incarnation humaine, mais elle ne produirait jamais les contradictions que le capitalisme exacerbe. Dans ces contradictions, les travailleurs sont oppos\u00e9s \u00e0 leurs propres instruments de production, et la qu\u00eate d\u2019une part \u00e9quitable des ressources mat\u00e9rielles et d\u2019une activit\u00e9 significative appara\u00eet comme un conflit entre les humains et les machines.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Ainsi, dans sa description de la science et de la technologie, tout comme dans sa politique, nous pouvons constater l\u2019ambivalence de la relation de Marx \u00e0 la pens\u00e9e des Lumi\u00e8res. Sans aucun doute, Marx a accept\u00e9 les notions de rationalit\u00e9 et de progr\u00e8s scienti\ufb01que et politique des Lumi\u00e8res comme \u00e9tant sup\u00e9rieures aux notions f\u00e9odales ant\u00e9rieures. Ce que toutefois Marx ne pouvait accepter, c\u2019est de limiter ces notions \u2013 y compris les formes de science, de technologie et de politique \u2013 \u00e0 la conceptualit\u00e9 bourgeoise qui les a produites. Sous cette forme, la lib\u00e9ration individuelle est poursuivie aux d\u00e9pens de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son ensemble. La rationalit\u00e9 scientifique est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pour certains au d\u00e9triment de son d\u00e9veloppement chez d\u2019autres, et la science est limit\u00e9e \u00e0 une m\u00e9thodologie \u00e9troite dont le fa\u00e7onnement culturel n\u2019est pas explor\u00e9. Enfin, la technologie est d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e pour maximiser le pro\ufb01t et la valeur plut\u00f4t que pour am\u00e9liorer les conditions mat\u00e9rielles de tous.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Pour Marx, le degr\u00e9 de libert\u00e9 d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 se mesure \u00e0 celle de ses membres les moins libres (f<span lang=\"en-US\">or Marx, a society is only as free as its most unfree member)<\/span>, et la sant\u00e9 sociale est mesur\u00e9e par une norme communautaire plut\u00f4t que par la norme des individus exceptionnels qu\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e pourrait produire. La question est donc de savoir si les engagements des Lumi\u00e8res en faveur de la rationalit\u00e9 et du progr\u00e8s scienti\ufb01que, technologique et politique peuvent \u00eatre maintenus en d\u00e9pit de l\u2019individu \u00e9conomique qui est leur construction centrale. Marx a soutenu que oui, et c\u2019est ainsi qu\u2019il fut \u00e0 la fois le dernier rempart de la pens\u00e9e des Lumi\u00e8res et son critique le plus virulent.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>J&rsquo;attaquais pas plus tard qu&rsquo;hier soir le livre de Amy Wendling, Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009 (j&rsquo;ai vraiment appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 son petit ouvrage hyper stimulant, The Ruling Ideas: Bourgeois Political Concepts (2012) que j&rsquo;ai termin\u00e9 ce week-end, et dont j&rsquo;ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit un mot ici : Le temps du r\u00e9gime capitaliste&hellip;<\/p>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/science-technologie-et-capitalisme-chez-marx-un-extrait-de-amy-e-wendling\/\" title=\"Science, technologie et Capitalisme chez Marx, un extrait de Amy E Wendling\" class=\"entry-more-link\"><span>Read More<\/span> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Science, technologie et Capitalisme chez Marx, un extrait de Amy E Wendling<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"Layout":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[102,104],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-danah","post-5739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-marx","category-marxismes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - 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