{"id":5469,"date":"2024-09-16T16:44:55","date_gmt":"2024-09-16T16:44:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/?p=5469"},"modified":"2024-11-11T06:19:35","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T06:19:35","slug":"le-theatre-aux-bons-desirs-de-staline","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/le-theatre-aux-bons-desirs-de-staline\/","title":{"rendered":"Le th\u00e9\u00e2tre aux bons d\u00e9sirs de Staline"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"Ce volume de Laurence Senelick et Sergei Ostrovsky, The Soviet Theater<\/a>, paru aux Yale University Press, est passionnant (je m’y suis plong\u00e9 dans le cadre de mes recherches pr\u00e9alables pour mon prochain \u00ab\u00a0anti-roman\u00a0\u00bb). Les auteurs ont collect\u00e9 une masse faramineuse de documents (les Soviets \u00e9taient attach\u00e9s, en partie en raison de leur tendance hyper-bureaucratique, \u00e0 la conservation de tout les \u00e9crits et notes produits par l’appareil \u00e9tatique) jusqu’ici difficilement accessibles aux chercheuses et chercheurs qui ne lisent pas le russe.<\/p>\n

La p\u00e9riode Stalinienne, concernant le th\u00e9\u00e2tre, rel\u00e8ve quasiment de la litt\u00e9rature de l’absurde. Le dictateur se voulait omnipotent, et il n’\u00e9tait pas loin de l’\u00eatre, et, directement ou indirectement, la quasi-totalit\u00e9 de la production culturelle devait \u00eatre soumise \u00e0 son examen. Les artistes, quel que soit leur domaine d’exercice, sont somm\u00e9s de devenir des \u00ab\u00a0ing\u00e9nieurs de l’\u00e2me\u00a0\u00bb, consacrant leurs efforts \u00e0 l’\u00e9dification des esprits russes et la r\u00e9alisation du communisme. De facto, la grande majorit\u00e9 n’a d’autre choix que de se transformer en bureaucrates au service de l’appareil d’\u00c9tat et sa propagande.<\/p>\n

Pour le grand malheur des auteurs, metteurs en sc\u00e8ne et com\u00e9diens, il se trouve que Staline adorait le th\u00e9\u00e2tre. Et qu’il ne rel\u00e2cha jamais sa vigilance sur la production th\u00e9\u00e2trale : le prix Staline d\u00e9cern\u00e9 chaque ann\u00e9e r\u00e9compensait la production qui lui agr\u00e9ait le mieux et sugg\u00e9rait (le mot est faible) les r\u00e8gles \u00e0 suivre pour l’ann\u00e9e suivante. Il y eut m\u00eame un moment o\u00f9 les auteurs s’effor\u00e7aient d’\u00e9crire des textes mettant en sc\u00e8ne le leader lui-m\u00eame : difficile d’\u00e9crire avec moins de pression, quand on sait le nombre d’\u00e9crivain, de directeurs de th\u00e9\u00e2tre et de com\u00e9diens, qui, pour avoir d\u00e9plu au pouvoir, furent envoy\u00e9s dans les camps en Sib\u00e9rie.<\/p>\n

Au-del\u00e0 de cette farce continuelle, \u00e0 la fois comique et tragique, tr\u00e8s kafka\u00efenne, ce qui me touche beaucoup dans ces t\u00e9moignages et documents, c’est qu’on y d\u00e9couvre un grand nombre d’artistes qui, bon an mal an, se sont pli\u00e9s au r\u00e8gles – extr\u00eamement changeantes et versatiles du reste, ce qui rendait leur destin fort incertain. Ils ne sont pas des h\u00e9ros ni des h\u00e9ro\u00efnes. Certain.e.s tir\u00e8rent profit de la situation, tant qu’ils avaient la faveur de Staline et ses sbires, acc\u00e9dant \u00e0 des positions sociales et \u00e9conomiques tr\u00e8s avantageuses, d’autres moins. Mais rien n’est jamais acquis : le vent peut tourner, au gr\u00e9 de l’arbitraire humeur des gouvernants – Staline \u00e9tant de ce point de vue parfaitement impr\u00e9visible et pour cette raison terrifiant. Le prix \u00e0 payer est une vie v\u00e9cue dans une angoisse permanente, une paranoia quotidienne : du jour au lendemain, l’\u00e9tat de gr\u00e2ce peut se transformer en condamnation d\u00e9finitive (sous l’accusation sempiternelle de \u00ab\u00a0western-bourgeoisisme\u00a0\u00bb, de \u00ab\u00a0formalisme\u00a0\u00bb, d’ \u00ab\u00a0anti-patriotisme\u00a0\u00bb, et j’en passe).<\/p>\n

L’histoire de ces anti-h\u00e9ros et anti-h\u00e9ro\u00efnes se d\u00e9cline en contorsions, en h\u00e9sitations, en incertitudes : il faut imp\u00e9rativement suivre la ligne, laquelle n’est jamais claire et peut changer sans crier gare. M\u00eame les critiques litt\u00e9raires peuvent se voir du jour au lendemain r\u00e9pudi\u00e9s pour avoir d\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9 qu’une pi\u00e8ce \u00e9tait m\u00e9diocre (ce qui \u00e9tait \u00e9videmment le cas de la plus grande partie de la production th\u00e9\u00e2trale \u00ab\u00a0patriotique\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9crite sous la f\u00e9rule stalinienne), si le monarque la trouvait \u00e0 son go\u00fbt. Parfois, la r\u00e9pudiation pour des motifs esth\u00e9tiques ou politiques n’est qu’un pr\u00e9texte pour nettoyer le milieu des ind\u00e9sirables : le tournant antis\u00e9mite de Staline est bien connu, et, sous l\u2019appellation de \u00ab\u00a0cosmopolites sans nation\u00a0\u00bb, les gens de th\u00e9\u00e2tre, y compris les critiques, comme dans l’extrait ci-dessous, sont l’objet d’une purge qui ne cessera qu’\u00e0 la mort de Staline :<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0L’ann\u00e9e 1949 arrive. Elle commence par des articles dans l’Art sovi\u00e9tique, un article intitul\u00e9 \u00ab L’esprit du parti bolcheviste est la base du travail cr\u00e9atif des dramaturges et des critiques \u00bb. Quinze jours plus tard, le 28 janvier, un article est publi\u00e9 dans la Pravda, tel un coup de feu tir\u00e9 d’une arme de gros calibre : \u00ab A propos d’un certain groupe antipatriotique de critiques de th\u00e9\u00e2tre \u00bb. Dans la journ\u00e9e, une deuxi\u00e8me voix s’est fait entendre, celle du journal Culture et Vie. Les trois articles, non sign\u00e9s, se voulaient des directives. Une s\u00e9rie de directives.<\/p>\n

On peut supposer que Staline a particip\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction de l’article de la Pravda en raison du ton libre et facile, du choix des insultes et de l’absence de tout sens du style
\n(…)
\nDans la Pravda, on entendit pour la premi\u00e8re fois le terme explicite de \u00ab cosmopolites sans nation \u00bb. C’est ainsi qu’est n\u00e9e une \u00e9tiquette toute faite qui pouvait \u00eatre imm\u00e9diatement appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 chaque critique \u00ab \u00e0 \u00e9craser \u00bb. La plupart d’entre eux \u00ab se trouvaient \u00eatre \u00bb juifs. Le fait que la liste des nouvelles victimes comprenne un seul Arm\u00e9nien et un seul Russe ne peut tromper personne : le g\u00e9nocide contre l’intelligentsia cr\u00e9ative va de pair avec l’allumage de l’antis\u00e9mitisme. Staline est rest\u00e9 fid\u00e8le \u00e0 ce \u00ab principe \u00bb jusqu’\u00e0 la fin.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ce volume de Laurence Senelick et Sergei Ostrovsky, The Soviet Theater, paru aux Yale University Press, est passionnant (je m’y suis plong\u00e9 dans le cadre de mes recherches pr\u00e9alables pour mon prochain \u00ab\u00a0anti-roman\u00a0\u00bb). Les auteurs ont collect\u00e9 une masse faramineuse de documents (les Soviets \u00e9taient attach\u00e9s, en partie en raison de leur tendance hyper-bureaucratique, \u00e0…<\/p>\n Read More<\/span> Le th\u00e9\u00e2tre aux bons d\u00e9sirs de Staline<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5471,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"Layout":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[65,106,81,76],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-danah","post-5469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-bloc-de-lest","category-censure","category-dictatures","category-histoire"],"yoast_head":"\nLe th\u00e9\u00e2tre aux bons d\u00e9sirs de Staline - Outside Dana Hilliot<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/le-theatre-aux-bons-desirs-de-staline\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le th\u00e9\u00e2tre aux bons d\u00e9sirs de Staline - Outside Dana Hilliot\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ce volume de Laurence Senelick et Sergei Ostrovsky, The Soviet Theater, paru aux Yale University Press, est passionnant (je m’y suis plong\u00e9 dans le cadre de mes recherches pr\u00e9alables pour mon prochain \u00ab\u00a0anti-roman\u00a0\u00bb). 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