La perspective adopt\u00e9e par le grand historien isra\u00e9lien, dont la famille est originaire de la r\u00e9gion qu’il a scrut\u00e9e avec tant d’attention, est novatrice et bouleverse la compr\u00e9hension classique de l’holocauste. En Europe de l’Est, les massacres de masse se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9s au vu et au su de tous les habitants, et souvent m\u00eame avec leur complicit\u00e9 (plus ou moins active). En pr\u00eatant attention non pas aux structures de l’Holocauste, mais \u00e0 ses acteurs et victimes, il permet d’\u00e9tablir des rapprochements avec d’autres g\u00e9nocides (\u00e0 commencer par celui des Palestiniens), plut\u00f4t que de figer l’Holocauste dans un \u00e9tat d’exception, qu’on qualifier autrefois d’ineffable et indicible.
\nLe livre est d’une intelligence rare. Plus pr\u00e9cieux que jamais \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque o\u00f9 l’on peut entendre des tribuns politiques au pouvoir en Isra\u00ebl actuellement appeler explicitement \u00e0 un g\u00e9nocide des Palestiniens.<\/p>\n
Je traduis ici un extrait du chapitre 2 : Eastern Europe as the Site of Genocide<\/p>\n
Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019image de plus en plus r\u00e9pandue \u2013 et inqui\u00e9tante \u2013 de l\u2019Holocauste comme un \u00e9v\u00e9nement impersonnel, \u201cpropre\u201d et lointain, des centaines et des centaines de milliers de Juifs, dont la majorit\u00e9 \u00e9taient des enfants, des femmes, des malades et des personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 assassin\u00e9s au vu et au su des populations au milieu desquelles ils vivaient\u00a0: en Pologne, dans les \u00c9tats baltes, au Belarus, en Ukraine, en Roumanie et dans l\u2019ouest de la Russie. L\u2019Holocauste dans ces r\u00e9gions a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 un g\u00e9nocide communautaire qui a laiss\u00e9 son empreinte sur tous les habitants survivants de ces localit\u00e9s (bien plus, semble-t-il, que sur les Allemands). L\u2019impact de ces massacres d\u2019une sauvagerie extraordinaire s\u2019est r\u00e9percut\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois sur l\u2019existence quotidienne des gens et sur leur m\u00e9moire. Cette situation est tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente de celle de l\u2019Allemagne ou de l\u2019Europe occidentale occup\u00e9e, puisque les Juifs y sont \u201csimplement\u201d transport\u00e9s vers \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Est\u00a0\u00bb. La plupart des d\u00e9port\u00e9s ne sont jamais revenus, et les rares qui l\u2019ont fait n\u2019ont souvent pas pu ou voulu raconter ce qu\u2019avait \u00e9t\u00e9 l’\u201cEst\u201d et, en tout \u00e9tat de cause, ont rarement trouv\u00e9 quelqu\u2019un dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 les \u00e9couter. A l\u2019inverse, les habitants de l\u2019Europe de l\u2019Est, Juifs et Gentils confondus, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les t\u00e9moins directs d\u2019un g\u00e9nocide qui faisait tellement partie de la vie quotidienne qu\u2019il paraissait presque \u201cnormal\u201d. Le g\u00e9nocide faisait partie de leur guerre, de leur r\u00e9alit\u00e9, de leur survie, qu\u2019il les ait vis\u00e9s ou \u00e9pargn\u00e9s. Ici, les nombreuses victimes juives n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 emmen\u00e9es dans un pays \u00e9tranger dont elles ne parlaient pas la langue et dont elles ne reconnaissaient pas les paysages. Elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 massacr\u00e9es devant les membres de leur famille, leurs amis et leurs coll\u00e8gues, dans les cimeti\u00e8res o\u00f9 leurs anc\u00eatres \u00e9taient enterr\u00e9s, sur les collines bois\u00e9es o\u00f9 ils avaient fr\u00e9quent\u00e9 leurs amants ou pique-niqu\u00e9 avec leurs enfants, dans les synagogues o\u00f9 ils avaient pri\u00e9, dans leurs propres maisons, leurs fermes et leurs caves.<\/p>\n
Les personnes qui ont combl\u00e9 le vide et emm\u00e9nag\u00e9 dans les maisons des personnes assassin\u00e9es ne pouvaient pas non plus \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9es d\u2019\u00e9trang\u00e8res. M\u00eame soixante ans plus tard, certains habitants \u00e2g\u00e9s, lorsqu\u2019on les interrogeait, se souvenaient encore des noms de ceux qui avaient autrefois v\u00e9cu dans telle ou telle maison (m\u00eame s\u2019ils identifiaient rarement leur propre maison comme \u00e9tant une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 pill\u00e9e). Certains pouvaient raconter en d\u00e9tail les circonstances du meurtre de leurs voisins, et l\u2019on ne pouvait que s\u2019interroger sur les premiers habitants des maisons de ces t\u00e9moins et sur une grande partie de leur contenu \u2013 les couvertures de duvet qui recouvraient leurs lits, les casseroles et la vaisselle dans leurs cuisines, et m\u00eame les tableaux sur les murs. Quel est l\u2019effet psychologique de vivre dans une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 vol\u00e9e pendant des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, de s\u2019asseoir sur les chaises, de dormir dans les lits et de manger dans les plats des personnes assassin\u00e9es, tout en gardant un souvenir vivace de leur expulsion et de leur ex\u00e9cution\u00a0? Telle est la nature d\u2019un massacre communautaire qui, par d\u00e9finition, constitue l\u2019exact oppos\u00e9 de l\u2019invention la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre des nazis, le g\u00e9nocide industriel et impersonnel. On peut supposer que l\u2019ancienne question biblique \u00ab\u00a0avez-vous \u00e0 la fois assassin\u00e9 et h\u00e9rit\u00e9\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb n\u2019a pas enti\u00e8rement \u00e9chapp\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019esprit de ceux qui sont rest\u00e9s dans les villes et villages nouvellement nettoy\u00e9s de l\u2019Europe de l\u2019Est, et qu\u2019elle a fini par revenir les hanter. En effet, un massacre collectif peut non seulement d\u00e9vaster la vie des victimes, mais aussi g\u00e2cher et d\u00e9former l\u2019esprit de tous ceux qui en sont t\u00e9moins, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment parce qu\u2019en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, personne n\u2019est un observateur passif\u00a0: on est tu\u00e9 ou on survit, on est chasseur ou on est proie, on est perdu ou on en tire profit. \u00c0 l\u2019horreur pure et inimaginable de ces ann\u00e9es, il faut ajouter la contamination morale, la culpabilit\u00e9 et la rage, la honte et la terreur, l\u2019auto-illusion et le d\u00e9ni qui ont travers\u00e9 les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et continuent d\u2019infuser la fa\u00e7on dont les gens se souviennent, parlent et \u00e9crivent sur le pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Cette perspective sur l\u2019Holocauste en Europe de l\u2019Est nous rappelle \u00e0 quel point le g\u00e9nocide peut \u00eatre intime, personnel, et donc aussi traumatisant et simultan\u00e9ment profitable pour ceux qui entrent en contact avec lui. En effet, une telle vision du g\u00e9nocide nous apprend que la cat\u00e9gorie de \u201ct\u00e9moin\u201d, qui est devenue si courante ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, est fondamentalement d\u00e9nu\u00e9e de sens dans les situations de g\u00e9nocide communautaire, tout comme des attitudes telles que l\u2019indiff\u00e9rence et la passivit\u00e9 n\u2019existent pas r\u00e9ellement dans ces circonstances. En effet, que signifie \u00eatre indiff\u00e9rent \u00e0 l\u2019assassinat de ses camarades de classe sous ses propres fen\u00eatres\u00a0? Qu\u2019est-ce que cela signifie d\u2019\u00eatre passif lorsque vous entendez les coups de feu et les cris provenant de la for\u00eat voisine, ou lorsque vous emm\u00e9nagez dans l\u2019appartement laiss\u00e9 vacant par ceux que vous venez d\u2019entendre \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s\u00a0? Utiliser l\u2019argenterie de son voisin est-il un signe d\u2019indiff\u00e9rence\u00a0? D\u00e9chirer les lattes du plancher pour y chercher l\u2019or cach\u00e9 est-il un signe de passivit\u00e9, de complicit\u00e9 ou tout simplement d\u2019avidit\u00e9\u00a0?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
J’ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9voqu\u00e9 quelques livres d’Omer Bartov, notamment l’\u00e9tude serr\u00e9e qu’il a consacr\u00e9 aux violences interethniques et au g\u00e9nocide des juifs dans la r\u00e9gion de Buczacz, \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re entre l’Ukraine et la Pologne durant le XXi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle (et notamment la seconde guerre mondiale, sous les occupations de l’Allemagne nazie, puis des Sovi\u00e9tiques). Anatomy of…<\/p>\n Read More<\/span> Omer Bartov, Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"Layout":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[65,82,76,91],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-danah","post-5242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-bloc-de-lest","category-guerres","category-histoire","category-racisme"],"yoast_head":"\nOmer Bartov, Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine - Outside Dana Hilliot<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/omer-bartov-genocide-the-holocaust-and-israel-palestine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Omer Bartov, Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine - Outside Dana Hilliot\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J’ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9voqu\u00e9 quelques livres d’Omer Bartov, notamment l’\u00e9tude serr\u00e9e qu’il a consacr\u00e9 aux violences interethniques et au g\u00e9nocide des juifs dans la r\u00e9gion de Buczacz, \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re entre l’Ukraine et la Pologne durant le XXi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle (et notamment la seconde guerre mondiale, sous les occupations de l’Allemagne nazie, puis des Sovi\u00e9tiques). 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J’ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9voqu\u00e9 quelques livres d’Omer Bartov, notamment l’\u00e9tude serr\u00e9e qu’il a consacr\u00e9 aux violences interethniques et au g\u00e9nocide des juifs dans la r\u00e9gion de Buczacz, \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re entre l’Ukraine et la Pologne durant le XXi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle (et notamment la seconde guerre mondiale, sous les occupations de l’Allemagne nazie, puis des Sovi\u00e9tiques).<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/9781350332317-200x300.jpg\")
Je lis maintenant son tout dernier ouvrage,