{"id":3555,"date":"2020-04-08T15:51:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-08T15:51:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/?p=3555"},"modified":"2024-08-22T08:53:35","modified_gmt":"2024-08-22T08:53:35","slug":"gombodorj-ment-il","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/","title":{"rendered":"Gombodorj ment-il ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-contents=\"true\">\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"3v62e-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"3v62e-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"3v62e-0-0\">Ce chapitre du livre de Morten Axel Pedersen, <em>Not Quite Shamans. Spirit Worlds and Political Lives in Northern Mongolia<\/em>, Cornell University Press, 2011., porte sur l\u2019humour si particulier des Darhad de Mongolie et me ravit. il me permet de mieux comprendre a posteriori mes propres exp\u00e9rimentations litt\u00e9raires (notamment cette question que mes non-lecteurs ne cessent de me poser quand ils me croisent, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire jamais : c\u2019est vrai ce que tu racontes Dana H., ou est-ce de la fiction ? Ce \u00e0 quoi je r\u00e9ponds, selon mon humeur, mais avec force \u201cindices non s\u00e9mantiques\u201d, ou bien oui ou bien non ou bien peut-\u00eatre j&rsquo;en sais trop rien).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"3gg08-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"3gg08-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"3gg08-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"684dp-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"684dp-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"684dp-0-0\">J&rsquo;ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9 le nom de ce Gombodorj, personnage r\u00e9current de la monographie de Pedersen, \u00e0 moiti\u00e9 chamane, le genre d&rsquo;homme dont il faut se m\u00e9fier, et redoutable \u00ab\u00a0ironiste\u00a0\u00bb. On le retrouve ici dans cet extrait du livre, \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;un dialogue savoureux avec deux visiteurs (auquel se joint l&rsquo;ethnographe \u00e9videmment) :<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"9a3h0-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"9a3h0-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"9a3h0-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"9v8mi-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"9v8mi-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"9v8mi-0-0\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3560\" src=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/going-hunting-206x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/going-hunting-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/going-hunting-702x1024.jpg 702w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/going-hunting-590x861.jpg 590w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/going-hunting.jpg 755w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\u00ab\u00a0Voici la paraphrase d&rsquo;une conversation que j&rsquo;ai entendue une fois dans la forge de Gombodorj. Deux visiteurs \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sents, un jeune berger et un vieux chauffeur, tous deux locaux. Gombodorj \u00e9tait occup\u00e9 \u00e0 polir un couteau lorsque cet \u00e9change a eu lieu :<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"dvs8t-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"dvs8t-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"dvs8t-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"6rhpd-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"6rhpd-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"6rhpd-0-0\">Le berger : Je suis all\u00e9 \u00e0 la chasse. Je viens de rentrer aujourd&rsquo;hui m\u00eame.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"1aji0-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"1aji0-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"1aji0-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"8plb1-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"8plb1-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"8plb1-0-0\">Le Chauffeur : O\u00f9 es-tu all\u00e9 ?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"hdl0-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"hdl0-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"hdl0-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"utbi-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"utbi-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"utbi-0-0\">Le berger : \u00c0 la ta\u00efga de <em>Mungarag<\/em>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"3eutr-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"3eutr-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"3eutr-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"arblj-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"arblj-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"arblj-0-0\">Gombodorj : La ta\u00efga de <em>Mungarag<\/em>, hein. Tu as tu\u00e9 quelque chose ?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"2ifh5-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"2ifh5-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"2ifh5-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"ckoik-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"ckoik-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"ckoik-0-0\">Le berger : Je l&rsquo;ai fait. Un chevreuil.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"6ng84-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"6ng84-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"6ng84-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"1dsr8-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"1dsr8-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"1dsr8-0-0\">Le chauffeur : Bien, bien, c&rsquo;est bien.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"9n1es-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"9n1es-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"9n1es-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"9l0vq-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"9l0vq-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"9l0vq-0-0\">Gombodorj [sur un ton s\u00e9rieux] : la ta\u00efga de <em>Mungarag<\/em> est un endroit dangereux.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"b109o-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"b109o-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"b109o-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"ecis3-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"ecis3-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"ecis3-0-0\">Le berger : Ouais ?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"4tgjl-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"4tgjl-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"4tgjl-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"edifl-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"edifl-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"edifl-0-0\">Gombodorj : C&rsquo;est plein d&rsquo;<em>ongod<\/em> [esprits]. J&rsquo;esp\u00e8re que le chevreuil n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas une femelle.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"p32l-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"p32l-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"p32l-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"1aam8-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"1aam8-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"1aam8-0-0\">Le berger : C&rsquo;en \u00e9tait une!<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"enrpn-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"enrpn-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"enrpn-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"f8f5t-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"f8f5t-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"f8f5t-0-0\">Gombodorj : Les chevreuils femelles sont tr\u00e8s dangereuses \u00e0 chasser. Il faut savoir faire la diff\u00e9rence entre celles qui ont un ma\u00eetre [<em>ezentei<\/em>] et celles qui n&rsquo;en ont pas. Si vous tuez celle qui a un <em>ezen<\/em>, cela peut \u00eatre tr\u00e8s mauvais pour vous. L&rsquo;<em>ezen<\/em> peut se mettre en col\u00e8re et causer des ennuis \u00e0 vous et \u00e0 votre famille !<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"34a9b-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"34a9b-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"34a9b-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"7ae92-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"7ae92-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"7ae92-0-0\">Le berger : Il est vrai que mon p\u00e8re me disait que la ta\u00efga d&rsquo;Ulaan a beaucoup d&rsquo;<em>ongod<\/em>. Mais j&rsquo;ai toujours pens\u00e9 que la ta\u00efga de <em>Mungarag<\/em> \u00e9tait diff\u00e9rente.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"15jqc-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"15jqc-0-0\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"dj3jh-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"dj3jh-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"dj3jh-0-0\">Gombodorj [toujours s\u00e9rieux] : Je le sais mieux que ton p\u00e8re. La ta\u00efga de <em>Mungarag<\/em> est plein d&rsquo;<em>ongod<\/em>. Fais attention si le chevreuil te regarde en retour. \u00c7a m&rsquo;est arriv\u00e9 une fois. J&rsquo;avais tellement peur.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"37trd-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"37trd-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"37trd-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"147sq-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"147sq-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"147sq-0-0\">Le chauffeur [rire] : Vous devez plaisanter ! [<em>Hudal<\/em>, <em>hudal<\/em>, lit. \u00ab\u00a0Un mensonge, un mensonge\u00a0\u00bb].<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"ds4oo-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"ds4oo-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"ds4oo-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"cpud0-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"cpud0-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"cpud0-0-0\">Gombodorj [maintenant souriant astucieusement] : C&rsquo;est vrai. Cela signifie qu&rsquo;il vous maudit ! Vous devez alors le tuer d&rsquo;un coup sec ou faire face \u00e0 la col\u00e8re de l&rsquo;<em>Ezen<\/em>. C&rsquo;est pourquoi seuls les chasseurs habiles devraient s&rsquo;attaquer au chevreuil. Pour les autres, c&rsquo;est trop dangereux.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"fkhkt-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"fkhkt-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"fkhkt-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"627rj-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"627rj-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"627rj-0-0\">Le berger : Je n&rsquo;ai jamais entendu \u00e7a avant !<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"d1tbi-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"d1tbi-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"d1tbi-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"eeou3-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"eeou3-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"eeou3-0-0\">Le chauffeur : H\u00e9, ne vous inqui\u00e9tez pas, il se moque [<em>shogloj baina<\/em>].<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"6o1br-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"6o1br-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"6o1br-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"a8s4d-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"a8s4d-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"a8s4d-0-0\">Gombodorj [rit maintenant] : La ta\u00efga du <em>Mungarag<\/em> est pleine d&rsquo;<em>ongod<\/em> ; les chevreuils femelles sont extr\u00eamement dangereuses.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"8j5sm-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"8j5sm-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"8j5sm-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"b08to-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"b08to-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"b08to-0-0\">(Le berger semble encore plus perplexe.)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"88ipd-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"88ipd-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"88ipd-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"1dtne-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"1dtne-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"1dtne-0-0\">Gombodorj [impassible] : Tu ferais mieux d&rsquo;aller voir un chamane maintenant ! Peut-\u00eatre que le chevreuil vous a maudit ! Ne couche surtout pas avec ta femme. . . . Hahaha. . . Je ne fais que dire des mensonges ! [<em>hudal helsen yum aa<\/em>].<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"46j7h-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"46j7h-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"46j7h-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"495tl-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"495tl-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"495tl-0-0\">Le chauffeur : Cela dit, c&rsquo;est vrai. Une fois, alors que je conduisais dans l&rsquo;est, j&rsquo;ai rencontr\u00e9 un homme qui m&rsquo;a dit&#8230; [et l\u00e0, il a commenc\u00e9 une autre histoire sur les \u00ab\u00a0ma\u00eetres\u00a0\u00bb des animaux].<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"714sh-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"714sh-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"714sh-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7542v\" data-offset-key=\"6g535-0-0\">\n<div class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"6g535-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"6g535-0-0\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3559\" src=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/landscape-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/landscape-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/landscape-681x1024.jpg 681w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/landscape-768x1155.jpg 768w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/landscape-590x888.jpg 590w, https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/landscape.jpg 944w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Que se passe-t-il ici ? D&rsquo;une part, Gombodorj ne peut pas \u00eatre tout \u00e0 fait sinc\u00e8re, car si c&rsquo;\u00e9tait le cas, pourquoi dirait-il \u00e0 ses interlocuteurs qu&rsquo;il \u00ab\u00a0ment\u00a0\u00bb ? D&rsquo;autre part, son souhait ne peut pas non plus \u00eatre de mentir, car alors pourquoi n&rsquo;a-t-il pas cach\u00e9 ce fait ? Un mensonge, apr\u00e8s tout, \u00ab\u00a0ne r\u00e9ussit que si les autres participants ne savent m\u00eame pas qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;est produit\u00a0\u00bb. Gombodorj, semble-t-il, ne pensait pas ce qu&rsquo;il disait. Ou, pour \u00eatre plus pr\u00e9cis, il \u00e9tait ironique. Selon la d\u00e9finition classique (aristot\u00e9licienne), parler ironiquement, c&rsquo;est dire le contraire de ce que l&rsquo;on veut dire : l&rsquo;orateur \u00ab\u00a0au sens figur\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb signifie le contraire de ce qu&rsquo;il dit \u00ab\u00a0au sens propre\u00a0\u00bb. Mais si cette d\u00e9finition s&rsquo;applique aux cas d&rsquo;ironie dans lesquels deux sens oppos\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre identifi\u00e9s dans la s\u00e9mantique d&rsquo;une phrase, elle n\u00e9glige ce que les linguistes appellent le contexte pragmatique des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s, qui doit souvent \u00eatre pris en compte pour identifier l&rsquo;intention ironique : le ton de la voix, les implications conversationnelles, la relation entre le locuteur et l&rsquo;auditeur, etc. En effet, une grande partie du \u00ab\u00a0mensonge\u00a0\u00bb de Gombodorj a \u00e9t\u00e9 transmise par des indices non s\u00e9mantiques (les rires et les sourires astucieux not\u00e9s entre parenth\u00e8ses dans l&rsquo;extrait), qui ont servi, de mani\u00e8re pragmatique, \u00e0 diff\u00e9rencier certaines de ses d\u00e9clarations des autres. Un autre probl\u00e8me de la th\u00e9orie rh\u00e9torique classique est que les propos ironiques n&rsquo;ont pas tous des significations oppos\u00e9es. Pour surmonter ce probl\u00e8me, les approches dites radicalement pragmatiques minimisent la distinction entre le figuratif et le litt\u00e9ral et se concentrent sur l&rsquo;attitude propositionnelle des propos ironiques : l&rsquo;attitude de l&rsquo;orateur par rapport \u00e0 ce qu&rsquo;il dit et la capacit\u00e9 (et le souhait) de son interlocuteur de d\u00e9tecter cette attitude). Selon cette analyse, la t\u00e2che interpr\u00e9tative de ceux d&rsquo;entre nous qui \u00e9taient \u00e0 la forge n&rsquo;\u00e9tait donc pas de d\u00e9chiffrer le sens de ce que Gombodorj disait, mais de d\u00e9tecter ses intentions en le disant. Son attitude ironique ne permettait pas de d\u00e9cider s&rsquo;il \u00ab\u00a0utilisait\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0mentionnait\u00a0\u00bb ses propos sur les esprits chamaniques ; c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire que nous \u00e9tions incapables de d\u00e9terminer s&rsquo;il faisait semblant ou s&rsquo;il \u00e9tait sinc\u00e8re.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ce chapitre du livre de Morten Axel Pedersen, Not Quite Shamans. Spirit Worlds and Political Lives in Northern Mongolia, Cornell University Press, 2011., porte sur l\u2019humour si particulier des Darhad de Mongolie et me ravit. il me permet de mieux comprendre a posteriori mes propres exp\u00e9rimentations litt\u00e9raires (notamment cette question que mes non-lecteurs ne cessent&hellip;<\/p>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\" title=\"Gombodorj ment-il ?\" class=\"entry-more-link\"><span>Read More<\/span> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Gombodorj ment-il ?<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3565,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"Layout":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[105,62],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-danah","post-3555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-animismes","category-anthropologie"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gombodorj ment-il ? - Outside Dana Hilliot<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gombodorj ment-il ? - Outside Dana Hilliot\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ce chapitre du livre de Morten Axel Pedersen, Not Quite Shamans. Spirit Worlds and Political Lives in Northern Mongolia, Cornell University Press, 2011., porte sur l\u2019humour si particulier des Darhad de Mongolie et me ravit. il me permet de mieux comprendre a posteriori mes propres exp\u00e9rimentations litt\u00e9raires (notamment cette question que mes non-lecteurs ne cessent&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Outside Dana Hilliot\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-04-08T15:51:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-22T08:53:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Not-Quite-Shamans.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"609\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"danah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"danah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"danah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/#\/schema\/person\/2f9b92e9fff19bccc36638b10510d5ae\"},\"headline\":\"Gombodorj ment-il ?\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-08T15:51:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-08-22T08:53:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\"},\"wordCount\":1043,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/#\/schema\/person\/201a1fef0f5c2897bd65e98bcf6b1179\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Not-Quite-Shamans.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Animisme(s)\",\"Anthropologie\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\",\"name\":\"Gombodorj ment-il ? - Outside Dana Hilliot\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Not-Quite-Shamans.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-08T15:51:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-08-22T08:53:35+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Not-Quite-Shamans.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Not-Quite-Shamans.jpg\",\"width\":400,\"height\":609},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/gombodorj-ment-il\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Gombodorj ment-il ?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/outsiderland.com\/danahilliot\/\",\"name\":\"Outside Dana Hilliot\",\"description\":\". 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